Tobacco cessation in patients with multiple chronic conditions: nutritional strategies as an additional tool in treatment

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impacts of a nutritional education intervention for patients with multiple chronic conditions during smoking cessation. Methods The non-probabilistic sample comprised 18 adults and seniors of both sexes recruited from a smoking cessation treatment group. At the beginning of treatment, smoking history, degree of dependence, and stage of motivation were assessed. Degree of craving was evaluated weekly for the 1st month. Anthropometric and biochemical assessments were conducted at baseline, at 1 month, and at 3 months. Dietary intake was assessed with the "How is your diet?" questionnaire. The nutritional intervention was delivered in three sessions. The themes covered were energy balance and physical activity, healthy eating, and the importance of fruit and vegetables in the diet. Statistical analysis was conducted with the Shapiro Wilk test of normality, the paired t test, and the Wilcoxon or Mann-Whitney U tests (significance ≤ 0.05). Results Most people (55.6%) in the intervention group had a high degree of smoking dependence, while the frequency in the control group was 22.2%. Degree of craving decreased significantly after 1 month of treatment (p = 0.017). After 3 months, both groups had a positive variation in mean body weight, although below 3%. In both groups, the average percentage of weight gain was less than 3%, suggesting that delivery of the nutritional education sessions and the nutritionist's use of the protocol proposed by the Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) helped to control weight gain. Blood glucose and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) both increased significantly in the intervention group (p = 0.15 and p = 0.50, respectively). Conclusion Greater proximity and more frequent intervention by a nutritionist assists and encourages healthy eating practices during the smoking cessation process, which can benefit individuals' control of chronic diseases over the long term.

START RUN, BEFORE SMOKE RUIN – THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON SMOKING CESSATION

The impact of tobacco on health status is boundless. Smoking tobacco is responsible for various diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, periodontal disease etc. Smoking has been identified as a major risk factor in the development and progression of periodontal disease. Smoking cessation reduces the risk of many diseases. However cravings and withdrawal syndromes have been associated with smoking relapse. Thus exercise plays a significant role in the management of tobacco withdrawal symptoms and cravings that anticipate smoking relapse.

Barriers to the provision of smoking cessation intervention/services: A mixed-methods study among health care workers in Zambezi region, Namibia

Background. Healthcare workers (HCWs) can play a significant role in tobacco prevention by delivering smoking cessation (SC) interventions to patients who smoke. Objective: To identify and explore the perceived barriers which prevent healthcare workers from delivering SC counselling to patients in Zambezi region, Namibia. Methods: A regional-based, concurrent mixed-methods study was conducted between March and October 2020 among HCWs of the 8 constituencies of Zambezi region, Namibia. In the study, 129 respondents, who had been residents of the selected constituencies for over 5 years and aged between 17 to 60 years, participated. Results: 129 respondents participated in the study. Majority of respondents were females (62.9% and 68.1%) compared to (37.1% and 31.9%) males. The mean age of respondents was 35.91 (SD=9.3) and 36.61 (SD=8.7) respectively and their ages ranged between 18 and 59 years. Key barriers were identified: (i) HCWs based barriers included lack of time to provide SC, inadequate training and insufficient knowledge on SC interventions; (ii) system-based barriers identified lack of SC guidelines and educational materials for patients, and specialists to refer patients; and (iii) patient/client-based barriers included lack of patient interest in SC information, patients not adhering to advise given on SC. Conclusions: This study showed that SC delivery in Zambezi region is inadequate. Barriers were identified regarding the delivery of SC intervention for the first time. Targeted SC interventions are required to combat these identified specific barriers. There is a crucial need to improve HCWs skills and knowledge in providing SC intervention.

Acupuncture Combined with Auricular Acupoints Patches for Moderate to Severe Nicotine Dependence：a Randomized Controlled Study / 中医杂志

ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy and safety of acupuncture combined with auricular acupoints patches and nicotine transdermal patch in treating moderate to severe nicotine dependence. MethodsIn a rando-mized controlled trial， 64 quit smoking voluntary subjects with moderate to severe nicotine dependence were randomly divided at a ratio of 1∶1 into a treatment group and a control group， with 32 cases in each group. The treatment group was given acupuncture combined with auricular acupoints patches， twice weekly， four weeks as a course for two courses. The control group was given nicotine transdermal patch， one patch per day for 24 hours， 8 weeks. The cure rate was assessed after treatment and at follow-up （the 16th week after treatment）.The daily smoking volume， exhaled carbon monoxide （CO） value， Nicotine Dependence Scale （FTND）， Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms Scale （MNWS）， and Pittsburgh Sleepiness Index Inventory （PSQI） were evaluated before and after treatment and at follow-up， and adverse effects were recorded. ResultsIn terms of the cure rate， there were both six cured cases （20%） after treatment and at follow-up in the treatment group， while in the control group， seven （23.3%） and five （16.7%） patients were cured after treatment and at follow-up， respectively， with no statistically significant differences between the two groups both after treatment and at follow-up （P＞0.05）. The daily smoking volume and exhaled CO value significantly decreased after treatment and at follow-up in both groups （P＜0.05）， but were not significantly different between the groups after treatment and at follow-up （P＞0.05）. After treatment and at follow-up， FTND， MNWS， and PSQI scores were significantly reduced in both groups compared with those before treatment （P＜0.05）. There was no statistically significant difference in the FTND scale scores between the two groups after treatment and at follow-up （P＞0.05）， while the MNWS and PSQI scale scores were lower in the treatment group than in the control group （P＜0.05）. ConclusionAcupuncture combined with auricular acupoint patches for moderate to severe nicotine dependence has comparable effect with the first-line drug nicotine patch in terms of increasing the cure rate and decreasing the degree of nicotine dependence， and is superior to nicotine patch in terms of relieving withdrawal symptoms and improving sleep， with stable long-term effect.

Effects of educational level on the choice of intervention strategies for smoking cessation in patients with moderate to severe tobacco dependence / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the effects of educational level on smoking cessation in patients with moderate to severe tobacco dependence, explore effective individualized smoking cessation methods, and increase smoking cessation rate.Methods:A total of 480 patients with moderate to severe tobacco dependence who were willing to quit smoking and received treatment in the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital from January to December 2020 were included in this study. They were divided into four groups ( n = 120/group) according to their educational level: group A (elementary school and below), group B (junior high school and senior high school), group C (technical secondary school or college), and group D (university and above). All patients were randomly assigned to undergo "5A" intervention alone or "5A" intervention combined with varenicline intervention (combined intervention). Patients' awareness of the health risks of tobacco smoking was compared among the four groups. The smoking cessation rate measured at different time points was compared between different intervention strategies. Results:The scores of health risk of tobacco smoking in groups D, C, B, and A were (806.5 ± 35.7) points, (710.8 ± 26.2) points, (643.6 ± 43.4) points, and (512.4 ± 30.1) points, respectively. Patients with high education levels had high awareness of the health risk of tobacco smoking ( F = 1 543.26, P < 0.001). At 1, 3, and 6 months, the smoking cessation rate of combined intervention was higher than that of "5A" intervention alone in each group (group A: χ2 = 3.85, 4.23, 4.10, group B: χ2 = 4.30, 4.09, 4.60, group C: χ2 = 6.81, 4.30, 4.03, group D: χ2 = 6.71, 6.51, 4.73, all P < 0.05). The smoking cessation rate after 6 months of "5A" intervention alone or combined intervention in group D was 60.0% and 78.3% respectively, which were significantly higher than 41.7% and 60.0% in group C, 23.3% and 41.7% in group B, and 20.0% and 36.7% in group A ( χ2 = 26.59, 26.12, both P < 0.001). At different time points, the smoking cessation rates of the "5A" intervention alone in group D were significantly higher than those of combined intervention in groups A and B ( χ2 = 9.25, 25.04, 7.29, all P < 0.05). Conclusion:Awareness of the health risks of tobacco smoking is related to a patient's educational level, and affects smoking cessation. Individualized smoking cessation interventions based on a patient's educational level can increase the rate of smoking cessation.

Effects of a Workplace mHealth Intervention for Smoking Behaviour: A Quasi Experimental Study Protocol

@#Introduction: Tobacco smoking causes various chronic diseases and adds costs to healthcare systems. The current smoking cessation interventions mostly target smokers who are ready to quit and are reactive in recruitment. Recently, mobile phones have become a new tool for promoting smoking cessation. The aim of this paper is to present a study protocol on a quasi-experimental study investigating the effects of a workplace mHealth intervention for smoking behaviour. Methods: A quasi-experimental study will be conducted among employees in an academic institution in Malaysia. The intervention group will receive a theory based WhaSTOP module via WhatsApp and will be compared with the control group (receive usual care). The primary outcomes are stage movement and the number of cigarettes per day. The secondary outcomes include knowledge of smoking, quit attempt, nicotine dependence, 7-day point prevalence of smoking abstinence, and the Transtheoretical Model constructs. A generalised estimating equation analysis will be performed to determine the effects of the intervention. Discussion: This protocol will provide a novel method to proactively approach smokers regardless of readiness to quit and to guide them through the stages of change so that they will be ready to take action to quit. This research will also provide insight into whether the intervention can be utilised as an additional tool for smokers at the workplace to quit smoking. Trial Registration: The trial was registered with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (Registry Number IRCT20220415054539N1).

Smokers' intention and attempts to quit smoking in a district of Beijing Municipality / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the smoking cessation intention and attempt to quit smoking among smokers at ages of 15 years and older in a district of Beijing Municipality, so as to provide insights into formulation of tobacco control interventions. @*Methods@#Permanent residents at ages of 15 years and older were sampled using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method from a district in Beijing Municipality, and all smokers were recruited. Participants' demographic features, tobacco use, intention to quit smoking, attempts to quit smoking and awareness of tobacco-related hazards were collected using the Beijing Adult Tobacco Survey. The intention and attempts to quit smoking were analyzed among smokers, and factors affecting the attempt to quit smoking were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. @*Results@#A total of 687 smokers were surveyed, including 669 men (97.38%), 497 from rural areas (72.34%), 351 daily smokers (51.09%), 336 occasional smokers (48.91%), 329 with intention to quit smoking (47.89%), and 178 with attempts to quit smoking during the past one year (25.91%). Univariable analysis showed that area, age, educational level, smoking status, tobacco health literacy and tobacco control information acquired from media were factors affecting intention and attempts to quit smoking among smokers (P<0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that smokers with intention to quit smoking (OR=5.444, 95%CI: 3.585-8.268) and occasional smoking (OR=2.142, 95%CI: 1.312-3.497) were more likely to attempt to quit smoking. @*Conclusions@#Approximately half of smokers have intention to quit smoking in a district of Beijing Municipality; however, the percentage of attempts to quit smoking is low. Targeted interventions are required for smokers with different characteristics to improve the intention to quit smoking and promote smoking-quitting behaviors.

A Systematic Review on Effectiveness of Nicotine-Based and NonNicotine Based Drug Delivery System for Smoking Cessation Among the Elderly

@#Introduction: Smoking is associated with a higher risk of mortality, especially in smokers with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Smoking cessation remains the most effective approach in reducing smoking-related illness risks at all ages. For elderly smokers, smoking cessation has been proved to prolong life expectancy and reduce the risk of stroke and ischemic heart disease. However, a wide selection of smoking cessation medications makes prescribing challenging, especially among elderly smokers. Inability to recommend the best treatment may reduce the smoking cessation success rate in the elderly. Therefore, this study compares the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy available and correlate the effect of ageing on the effectiveness, leading to the recommendation of the best medication for elderly smokers. Method: A systematic searching strategy was performed in three different databases by using predetermined search strings. Results: Overall, this systematic review revealed that varenicline showed the greatest smoking cessation rate among the elderly, followed by bupropion and NRT. Conclusion: It is suggested that varenicline offered the best medical aid for smoking cessation in the elderly.

Research progress on chemical structures and pharmacological effects of natural cytisine and its derivatives / 中国中药杂志

Cytisine derivatives are a group of alkaloids containing the structural core of cytisine, which are mainly distributed in Fabaceae plants with a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as resisting inflammation, tumors, and viruses, and affecting the central nervous system. At present, a total of 193 natural cytisine and its derivatives have been reported, all of which are derived from L-lysine. In this study, natural cytisine derivatives were classified into eight types, namely cytisine type, sparteine type, albine type, angustifoline type, camoensidine type, cytisine-like type, tsukushinamine type, and lupanacosmine type. This study reviewed the research progress on the structures, plant sources, biosynthesis, and pharmacological activities of alkaloids of various types.

Smoking in adolescents with cleft lip and/or palate: prevalence and associated factors / Tabagismo em adolescentes com fissura de lábio e/ou palato: prevalência e fatores associados

Abstract Objective: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with smoking in adolescents with cleft lip and/or palate. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, developed in a Brazilian public and tertiary hospital between November 2018 and August 2019. Adolescents aged between 12 and 19 years old, previously submitted to cheiloplasty and/or palatoplasty surgeries were included. Data collection was carried out through interviews, guided by questionnaires referring to sociodemographic issues, use and factors associated with smoking. For statistical analysis, Fisher's Exact Test, Chi-square, Student's t test and bivariate logistic regression were used, all with a significance level of 5% (p≤0.05). Results: 102 adolescents participated. The prevalence of smoking was 20.6% (n=21). Having cleft lip and palate was associated with smoking (p=0.012). The bivariate analysis showed that not dating (p=0.001; OR=0.19) and owning a home (p=0.032; OR=0.33) were configured as protective factors for the act of being a smoker, while believing that smoking facilitates interaction with young people or with the group of friends (p=0.043; OR=2.95), having friends who use alcoholic beverages (p=0.002; OR=8.40), having friends who use drugs, except cigarettes (p=0.002; OR=5.33), use alcoholic beverages (p<0.001; OR=10.67) and sexual initiation (p<0.001; OR=7.00), were associated with being a smoker. Conclusions: From the knowledge of the profile of adolescents most vulnerable to tobacco use, it is possible to plan and implement educational and preventive actions.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao tabagismo em adolescentes com fissura de lábio e/ou palato. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal, desenvolvido em um hospital público e terciário brasileiro entre novembro de 2018 e agosto de 2019. Foram incluídos adolescentes com idade entre 12 e 19 anos, submetidos previamente às cirurgias de queiloplastia e/ou palatoplastia. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista, guiada por questionários referentes a questões sociodemográficas, uso e fatores associados ao tabagismo. Para a análise estatística, utilizaram-se os testes: exato de Fisher, qui-quadrado, t de Student e regressão logística bivariada, todos com nível de significância de 5% (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: Participaram 102 adolescentes. A prevalência do tabagismo foi de 20,6% (n=21). Possuir fissura de lábio e palato associou-se ao tabagismo (p=0,012). A análise bivariada mostrou que não namorar (p=0,001; OR=0,19) e possuir habitação própria (p=0,032; OR=0,33) configuraram fatores de proteção para o ato de ser tabagista, enquanto acreditar que fumar facilita a interação com os jovens ou com o grupo de amigos (p=0,043; OR=2,95), ter amigos que usam bebida alcoólica (p=0,002; OR=8,40), ter amigos que usam drogas, exceto o cigarro (p=0,002; OR=5,33), usar bebida alcoólica (p<0,001; OR=10,67) e iniciação sexual (p<0,001; OR=7,00) associaram-se a ser tabagista. Conclusões: Pelo conhecimento do perfil dos adolescentes mais vulneráveis ao uso do tabaco, é possível planejar e programar ações educativas e preventivas.

Identificación de estrategias no farmacológicas para reducir y cesar el consumo de tabaco en estudiantes universitarios / Identifying non-pharmacological strategies for reduction and cessation of tobacco use in university students / Identificação de estratégias não farmacológicas para reduzir e suspender o consumo de tabaco por estudantes universitários

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar las estrategias no farmacológicas para reducir y cesar el consumo de tabaco dirigidas a la comunidad estudiantil universitaria de pregrado. Métodos. Revisión sistemática clásica de literatura científica experimental publicada en los últimos 20 años en bases de datos y literatura gris. El algoritmo de búsqueda consistió en utilizar la máxima cantidad de terminología que describiera la pregunta de investigación y así disponer del mayor número de resultados en las diferentes bases de datos. Los cuadros de evidencias se construyeron con el instrumento FLC 3.0® y Excel 2021®. La herramienta GRADE permitió evaluar la calidad de evidencia científica. El riesgo de sesgos se estimó con base a las recomendaciones del Manual Cochrane de revisiones sistemáticas de intervenciones. Se suministrő un resumen narrativo de los estudios incluidos con alto grado de heterogeneidad establecida por estadística I2. Resultados. Se realizó la búsqueda en bases de datos y literatura gris y se obtuvieron 40 823 artículos. Luego de la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se incluyeron 7 artículos: un estudio con impacto en casación, dos estudios sobre reducción y cuatro estudios con efectos tanto en la reducción como la cesación del consumo de tabaco. La calidad metodológica evaluada mediante la herramienta GRADE fue "buena". El riesgo de sesgos de forma global fue "bajo". La alta heterogeneidad clínica y metodológica de los estudios impidió su agrupación para la construcción del metaanálisis. Conclusión. Los datos extraídos de los siete artículos muestran la capacidad de las intervenciones no farmacológicas para reducir y cesar el consumo de tabaco en la población estudiantil universitaria, aunque la evidencia sea aún limitada. Se considera necesario realizar más estudios para elaborar recomendaciones fuertes para su implementación.

ABSTRACT Objective. Identify non-pharmacological strategies for reduction and cessation of tobacco use, aimed at the community of undergraduate university students. Methods. Classic systematic review of experimental scientific literature published in the last 20 years in databases and grey literature. The search algorithm consisted of using the maximum amount of terminology that described the research question, resulting in the largest number of results in the different databases. Evidence tables were constructed with the FLC 3.0 assessment tool and Excel 2021. Use of the GRADE tool enabled assessment of the quality of scientific evidence. Risk of bias was estimated in accordance with recommendations in the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions. A narrative summary of the included studies was provided, given the high degree of heterogeneity established by I2 statistics. Results. A search of databases and grey literature obtained 40 823 articles. After the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, seven articles were included: one study with impact on cessation, two studies on reduction, and four studies with an impact on both the reduction and cessation of tobacco use. The methodological quality was "good" according to the GRADE tool. The overall risk of bias was 'low'. The high clinical and methodological heterogeneity of the studies prevented grouping for the construction of a meta-analysis. Conclusion. Data from the seven articles show that non-pharmacological interventions can result in reduction and cessation of tobacco use in the university student population, although the evidence is still limited. Further studies are necessary in order to develop strong recommendations for implementation.

RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar estratégias não farmacológicas para reduzir e suspender o consumo de tabaco dirigidas à comunidade de estudantes universitários de graduação. Métodos. Revisão sistemática clássica da literatura científica experimental publicada nos últimos 20 anos em bases de dados e da literatura cinzenta. O algoritmo de busca consistiu em usar a quantidade máxima de terminologia que descrevesse a pergunta da pesquisa e, assim, dispor do maior número de resultados nas diversas bases de dados. As tabelas de evidências foram construídas usando as ferramentas FLC 3.0® e Excel 2021®. A ferramenta GRADE permitiu avaliar a qualidade das evidências científicas. O risco de viés foi estimado com base nas recomendações do Manual Cochrane de Revisões Sistemáticas de Intervenções. Foi fornecido um resumo narrativo de estudos com alto grau de heterogeneidade estabelecida pela estatística I2. Resultados. Foram pesquisadas bases de dados e literatura cinzenta e foram obtidos 40 823 artigos. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram incluídos sete artigos: um estudo com impacto na interrupção, dois estudos sobre a redução e quatro estudos com efeitos tanto na redução quanto na interrupção do consumo de tabaco. A qualidade metodológica segundo a avaliação com a ferramenta GRADE foi "boa". O risco geral de viés foi "baixo". A alta heterogeneidade clínica e metodológica dos estudos impediu o agrupamento para a construção de meta-análise. Conclusão. Os dados dos sete artigos mostram a capacidade de intervenções não farmacológicas para reduzir e suspender o uso do tabaco pela população estudantil universitária, embora as evidências ainda sejam limitadas. Considera-se necessário fazer mais estudos para formular recomendações sólidas para implementação.

Avaliação da adesão ao tratamento de cessação tabágica em um município do interior do Ceará / Assessment of adherence to smoking cessation treatment in a city in the interior of Ceará / Evaluación de la adherencia al tratamiento para dejar de fumar en una ciudad del interior de Ceará

Introdução: O tabagismo é capaz de causar intoxicação química desencadeando efeitos deletérios de natureza aguda ou crônica em diversas estruturas do corpo, afetando significativamente a saúde. É considerada uma epidemia que mais ameaça à saúde pública em todo o mundo. Objetivo: Para tanto, esse estudo objetiva-se analisar o grau de dependência, a história tabágica, a caracterização sociodemográfica a adesão terapêutica dos usuários em tratamento de cessação do tabagismo atendidos pela rede CAPS-AD em um município do interior do Ceará. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo e descritivo. Foi desenvolvido por meio de reuniões coletivas com o grupo de cessação tabágica, os usuários foram convidados a participar da pesquisa, respeitando o princípio da autonomia, após apresentação dos objetivos e esclarecimentos a cerda do estudo. Resultados: Foram recrutados 19 usuários em tratamento de cessação tabágica. Desses, 10 participantes eram do sexo masculino e 9 ao sexo feminino. Com relação a faixa etária, 42,11% estavam entre as idades de 46 a 55 anos e a maioria dos participantes não tinha o ensino fundamental completo e eram civilmente casados. Analisando o IMC, 57,9% estavam com peso normal e 21,05% com sobrepeso. Mais de 80% iniciaram o vício na adolescência e68% relataram não conviver com fumantes em casa. Em relação à adesão terapêutica, cerca de 52% foram satisfatórias. Conclusão: De um modo geral observa-se que a população do estudo, tem um elevado índice de dependência à nicotina em decorrência do prolongado tempo de uso, do início precoce e de uma procura de tratamento tardia.

Introduction: Smoking is able to cause chemical intoxication triggering deleterious effects of acute or chronic nature in several structures of the body, significantly affecting health. It is considered an epidemic that most threatens public health worldwide. Objective: Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the degree of dependence, smoking history, sociodemographic characterization, and therapeutic adherence of users in smoking cessation treatment assisted by the CAPS-AD network in a city in the interior of Ceará. Methods: This is a quantitative and descriptive study. It was developed through collective meetings with the smoking cessation group, users were invited to participate in the research, respecting the principle of autonomy, after presentation of the objectives and clarifications about the study. Results: Nineteen users in smoking cessation treatment were recruited. Of these, 10 participants were male and 9 were female. Regarding the age range, 42.11% were between 46 and 55 years old, and most participants did not have complete elementary school education and were civilly married. Analyzing the BMI, 57.9% were normal weight and 21.05% were overweight. More than 80% started smoking during adolescence and 68% reported not living with smokers at home. In relation to therapeutic adherence, about 52% were satisfactory. Conclusion: In general, it is observed that the study population has a high rate of nicotine dependence due to the prolonged time of use, the early onset and a late search for treatment.

Introducción: El tabaquismo es capaz de causar intoxicación química desencadenando efectos deletéreos de naturaleza aguda o crónica en diversas estructuras del organismo, afectando significativamente la salud. É considerada uma das epidemias que mais ameaça a saúde pública em todo o mundo. Objetivo: Para tanto, este estudo objetiva-se analisar o grau de dependência, a história tabágica, a caracterização sociodemográfica e a adesão terapêutica dos usuários em tratamento de cessação do tabagismo atendidos pela rede CAPS-AD em um município do interior do Ceará. Método: Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo y descriptivo. Fue desarrollado a través de reuniones colectivas con el grupo de cesación de fumar, los usuarios fueron invitados a participar en la investigación, respetando el principio de autonomía, después de la presentación de los objetivos y aclaraciones sobre el estudio. Resultados: Diecinueve usuarios en tratamiento para dejar de fumar fueron reclutados. De ellos, 10 participantes eran hombres y 9 mujeres. En cuanto al rango de edad, el 42,11% tenía entre 46 y 55 años y la mayoría de los participantes no había completado los estudios primarios y estaban casados por lo civil. Analizando el IMC, el 57,9% tenían un peso normal y el 21,05% tenían sobrepeso. Más del 80% iniciaron la adicción en la adolescencia y el68% declararon no convivir con fumadores en casa. En cuanto a la adherencia terapéutica, cerca del 52% fue satisfactoria. Conclusión: En general se observa que la población de estudio, presenta una alta tasa de dependencia nicotínica debido al tiempo prolongado de consumo, inicio precoz y demanda tardía de tratamiento.

Smoking cessation for peripheral arterial disease: systematic review protocol / Cessação do tabagismo para doença arterial periférica: protocolo de revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Background: peripheral arterial disease has smoking as its main avoidable vascular risk factor. However, most studies do not focus on smoking as the main exposure variable. Objectives: to assess the impact of smoking cessation interventions versus active comparator, placebo or no intervention, on peripheral arterial disease outcomes. Methods: we will use the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions to guide whole this review process. We will consider parallel or cluster-randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, and cohort studies. We will search CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, LILACS and IBECS. We will also conduct a search of ClinicalTrials.gov and the ICTRP for ongoing or unpublished trials. Each research step will involve at least two independent reviewers. We will create a table, using GRADE pro GDT software, reporting the pooled effect estimates for the following outcomes: all-cause mortality, lower limb amputation, adverse events, walking distance, clinical severity, vessel or graft secondary patency, and QoL. Conclusions: we will assess these outcomes according to the five GRADE considerations to assess the certainty of the body of evidence for these outcomes, and to draw conclusions about the certainty of the evidence within the review.

RESUMO Introdução: a doença arterial periférica tem o tabagismo como principal fator de risco vascular evitável. Entretanto, a maioria dos estudos não destaca o tabagismo como principal variável de exposição. Objetivos: avaliar o impacto das intervenções de cessação do tabagismo versus comparador ativo, placebo ou nenhuma intervenção, nos desfechos da doença arterial periférica. Métodos: usaremos o Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review of Interventions para orientar todo este processo de revisão. Consideraremos ensaios controlados paralelos ou randomizados por cluster (ECRs), quase-ECRs e estudos de coorte. Buscaremos no CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, LILACS e IBECS. ClinicalTrials.gov e ICTRP serão consultados para ensaios em andamento ou não publicados. Criaremos uma tabela, usando o software GRADE pro GDT, relatando as estimativas de efeito agrupado para os seguintes desfechos: mortalidade por todas as causas, amputação de membro inferior, eventos adversos, distância percorrida, gravidade clínica, permeabilidade secundária do vaso ou enxerto e qualidade de vida. Avaliaremos esses resultados de acordo com as cinco considerações GRADE para avaliar a certeza do corpo de evidências para esses resultados e tirar conclusões sobre a certeza das evidências na revisão.

Brief counseling for smoking cessation and alcohol use reduction concomitant with hospital procedures: a randomized clinical trial

Objective: To evaluate the effect of brief counseling on patient readiness for behavioral change and cessation/reduction of tobacco and alcohol use. Methods: This clinical trial randomized patients in blocks, stratified by risk factor. Adult smokers or at-risk drinkers undergoing surgical or diagnostic procedures were recruited. Outcome assessments and analyses were blinded. Brief counseling was compared with educational materials for the outcomes progress in stage of change and smoking/alcohol cessation/reduction. Results: Overall, 222 participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 218 to the control group. Among them, 28 and 18 patients were lost to follow-up, respectively. Progress in change stage was 94.1% at 1 month in both groups (RR = 1.00; 95%CI 0.95-1.05) and 94.8 vs. 90.5% at 3 months (RR = 1.05; 95%CI 0.99-1.11) in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Smoking cessation and alcohol reduction rates at 3 months were 57.2 vs. 41% (RR = 1.40; 95%CI 1.14-1.71) in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Only brief counseling led to significant differences in smoking cessation (51.4 vs. 35.1%; RR = 1.46; 95%CI 1.12-1.92). Conclusions: Brief counseling and educational materials improved patient motivation for behavioral change, but brief counseling had a greater effect on smoking cessation. Clinical trial registration: NCT03521622

Sociodemographic, family and clinical characteristics associated with smoking cessation intention among smokers treated in a quaternary care hospital / Características sociodemográficas, familiares y clínicas asociadas con la intención de cesación del tabaquismo en fumadores atendidos en un hospital de cuarto nivel

Abstract Introduction: Smoking cessation interventions are a priority in medical care settings, including hospitals. Objectives: To describe the sociodemographic, family, and clinical characteristics of smokers treated in a quaternary care hospital and to establish the variables associated with smoking cessation intention in order to optimize the management of this risk factor in the hospital setting. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 321 active smokers treated between April 2018 and November 2019 in Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Smoking prevalence was calculated, and participants' sociodemographic, family, and clinical information was obtained and subsequently analyzed using descriptive statistics. Associations between said variables and cessation intention were established by means of bivariate (chi-squared test) and multivariate analyses (ordinal logistic regression model with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals). Results: Smoking prevalence was 8.89% (95%CI: 7.97-9.82), (N=3609; n=321 active smokers). Most participants were men (66.67%), had a low or middle socioeconomic status (96.89%) and a basic educational level (52.34%), and 42.06% were between 46 and 64 years old. The majority of active smokers had a mild degree of smoking consumption and low level of nicotine dependence (78.82% and 81.62%, respectively). Furthermore, 78.82% reported previous attempts to quit smoking. Nuclear family was the predominant family type (58.57%), and 40.19% of smokers experienced some degree of family dysfunction. Smokers with more perceived benefits derived from smoking cessation and high self-efficacy are more likely to make a smoking cessation attempt (OR=9.44, 95%CI:1.27-85.03 and OR=3.73, 95%CI:1.55-8.78, respectively). Conclusions: The identification and characterization of smokers in the hospital setting provides useful insights to personalize smoking cessation interventions.

Resumen Introducción. Las intervenciones dirigidas a la cesación del tabaquismo son una prioridad en los escenarios de atención médica, incluido el hospitalario. Objetivos. Describir las características sociodemográficas, familiares y clínicas de fumadores atendidos en un hospital de cuarto nivel y establecer las variables asociadas con la intención de cesación del tabaquismo con el fin de optimizar el manejo de este factor de riesgo en el entorno hospitalario. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal realizado en 321 fumadores activos atendidos entre abril de 2018 y noviembre de 2019 en Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Se calculó la prevalencia de tabaquismo y se obtuvo información sociodemográfica, familiar y clínica, la cual fue analizada mediante estadística descriptiva. Se establecieron asociaciones entre dichas variables y la intención de cesación mediante un análisis bivariado (prueba X2) y uno multivariado (modelo de regresión logística ordinal con sus correspondientes intervalos de confianza al 95%). Resultados. La prevalencia de tabaquismo activo fue de 8.89% (IC95%: 7.97-9.82), (N=3 609; n=321 fumadores activos). La mayoría fueron hombres (66.67%), de estrato socioeconómico bajo o medio (96.89%), con nivel educativo básico (52.34%) y el 42.06% estaban entre los 46 y 64 años. La mayoría de los fumadores activos tenían un grado leve de tabaquismo y un bajo nivel de dependencia a la nicotina (78.82% y 81.62%, respectivamente); además, el 78.82% reportó intentos previos de cesación. El tipo de familia predominante fue la nuclear (58.57%) y 40.19% de los fumadores experimentaban algún grado de disfuncionalidad familiar. Los fumadores con mayor percepción de beneficios derivados de dejar de fumar y con alta autoeficacia tienen una mayor probabilidad de realizar un intento de cesación de tabaquismo (OR=9.44; IC95%: 1.27-85.03 and OR=3.73; 95%CI: 1.55-8.78, respectivamente). Conclusiones. La identificación y caracterización de fumadores en el entorno hospitalario brinda claves para personalizar las intervenciones de cesación del tabaquismo.

Programa de Controle do Tabaco: fatores associados ao risco de abandono do tratamento / obacco control program: factors associated with treatment dropout

No Brasil, a prevalência de tabagismo ainda é elevada em pessoas portadoras de Condições Crônicas não Transmissíveis (CCNT). A compreensão dos modelos de atenção ao tabagista é essencial para se reduzir o abandono do tratamento. Objetivos: identificar as características sociodemográficas e de saúde dos indivíduos que buscaram o Programa Nacional de Controle do Tabaco (PNCT) em duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do município de Campinas, estimar o percentual de abandono do tratamento e elencar os fatores associados a esse desfecho. Metodologia: coorte histórico cujos dados foram obtidos, entre 2016 e 2019, em grupos de tratamento do PNCT. Para a realização da análise exploratória, a pesquisa incluiu 276 participantes, dos quais foram registradas suas variáveis sociodemográficas, condições de saúde, formas de uso do tabaco e participação no programa. Foram estimados o índice de abandono do tratamento e as possíveis relações com as variáveis significativas através de regressão múltipla. Resultados: a média de idade foi de 50,7 anos, com 60% do sexo feminino, 57,7% brancos, 52,2% com companheiro, 84,7% com filhos, 52,5% com ensino fundamental, 64% com renda entre um e dois salários, 40,1% trabalhando em setor de serviços e 58% católicos. O percentual de abandono do tratamento foi de 31%. A hipertensão se relacionou com o abandono do tratamento (p=0,030), reduzindo-o. Conclusão: o perfil dos indivíduos foi semelhante ao encontrado em outras pesquisas; indivíduos não hipertensos apresentaram maioríndice de abandono. São necessários outros estudos que avaliem fatores associados ao abandono do tratamento

In Brazil, there is still a high prevalence of smoking among people with chronic diseases. The understanding of smoking treatments is essential to a reduction in treatment dropout. Objectives: to identify epidemiological and health aspects of smokers, estimate the dropout rates, and list the factorsassociated with treatment dropouts. Data from PNCT (National Program of Tobacco Control) treatment groups was obtained from a historical cohort between 2016 and 2019. The research included 276 participants with different sociodemographic realities, healthconditions, forms of tobacco use, and participation in the program to conduct an exploratory analysis. The treatment dropout rate and possible relations with significant variables were estimated through multiple regression. Results: The mean age was 50.7 years; 60% female; 57.7% white; 52.2% with a partner; 84.7% with children; 52.5% studied until elementary school; 64% received between one and two salaries; 40.1% worked in the service sector; 58% were Catholic. The percentage of treatment dropouts was 31%. Hypertension was related to treatment dropout (p = 0.030), reducing it. Conclusion: The profiles of individuals were similar to those in other surveys. Non-hypertensive individuals had a higher dropout rate. Further studies are needed to assess the factors associated with treatment dropout.

Proceso de enfermería para la cesación del hábito tabáquico en paciente con EPOC: Reporte de caso / Nursing Process for Smoking Cessation in COPD Patients: Case Report / Processo de enfermagem para cessação do tabagismo em pacientes com DPOC: Relato de caso

Introducción. La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial y el cese del consumo de tabaco es la medida más efectiva para disminuir la incidencia y su progresión. Esta medida es especialmente eficaz en personas envejecidas, en quienes las consecuencias son más agudas a causa de los cambios biopsicosociales, cambios que aumentan la probabilidad de infecciones, dependencia funcional y fragilidad. El objetivo de este reporte es describir los cambios en el hábito tabáquico de una persona mayor con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, tras ser incluida en un plan de cuidado organizado y según las etapas del proceso de Enfermería dirigido al cese del hábito tabáquico. Metodología. Reporte de caso de Enfermería bajo el Modelo de Promoción de la Salud de Nola Pender y el proceso de Enfermería, articulado con la taxonomía diagnóstica North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, la Clasificación de Resultados de Enfermería (Nursing Outcomes Classification) y la Clasificación de Intervenciones de Enfermería (Nursing Interventions Classification). Resultados. Tras el proceso de Enfermería se evidencia la cesación del hábito tabáquico en la persona mayor y se destaca en el proceso la participación del núcleo familiar y el reconocimiento de los riesgos en salud asociados. Conclusiones. Se reconoce el rol de Enfermería como preponderante en la prevención y el abandono del hábito tabáquico que, orientado por un proceso de cuidado organizado, con respaldo disciplinar y científico, ayuda a mejorar el estado de salud y manejo de los factores de riesgo.

Introduction. Quitting tobacco consumption is the most effective measure for reducing the incidence and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which is a global public health issue. This measure is especially effective in seniors, in whom the consequences are more acute due to biopsychosocial changes, changes that increase the probability of infection, functional dependence and fragility. The objective of this report is to describe the changes in the tobacco habits of a senior with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after being included in an organized health care plan according to the Nursing process' stages for quitting tobacco habits. Methodology. A nursing case report under Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model and the Nursing process, articulated with the diagnostic taxonomy North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, Nursing Outcomes Classification and Nursing Interventions Classification. Results. It was evident the senior quit their tobacco habits after the Nursing process was carried out, and participation from family members and recognition of the associated health risks stood out in the process. Conclusions. The role of Nursing is pivotal in preventing and quitting tobacco habits, which, guided by an organized health care process with disciplinary and scientific support, helps improve health conditions and manage risk factors.

Introdução. A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica é um problema de saúde pública global e a cessação do consumo de tabaco é a medida mais eficaz para reduzir sua incidência e progressão. Essa medida é especialmente eficaz em idosos, nos quais as consequências são mais agudas devido a alterações biopsicossociais, alterações que aumentam a probabilidade de infecções, dependência funcional e fragilidade. O objetivo deste relato é descrever as mudanças no hábito de fumar de um idoso com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, após a inclusão em um plano de cuidados organizado e de acordo com as etapas do processo de Enfermagem visando a cessação do tabagismo. Metodologia. Relato de caso de Enfermagem sob o Modelo de Promoção da Saúde de Nola Pender e o processo de Enfermagem, articulado com a taxonomia diagnóstica North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, a Classificação de Resultados de Enfermagem Nursing Outcomes Classification e a Classificação de Intervenções de Enfermagem Nursing Interventions Classification. Resultados. Após o processo de Enfermagem, evidencia-se a cessação do tabagismo no idoso e destaca-se a participação do núcleo familiar e o reconhecimento dos riscos à saúde associados no processo. Conclusões. O papel da Enfermagem é reconhecido como preponderante na prevenção e cessação do tabagismo, o que, pautado por um processo assistencial organizado, com respaldo disciplinar e científico, auxilia na melhoria do estado de saúde e no manejo dos fatores de risco.

A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY OF NICOTINE DEPENDENCE AND ITS DETERMINANTS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AT INSTITUTE OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES, SAWAI MAN SINGH MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN.

Background: Smoking cessation is the most powerful intervention to modify progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and nicotine dependence is one of the most important determinants of success or failure in smoking cessation. Thus, nicotine dependence status and factors associated with moderate to high nicotine Dependence in patients with COPD needs to be evaluated. Method: A hospital based cross-sectional observational study performed on 50 patients with COPD attending the outpatient department at smoking cessation clinic, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan during 2019-2020. Result: Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that low education status, age 60 yrs., and mild to moderate airflow obstruction were related to moderate to high nicotine dependence. Conclusion: Nicotine dependence does not correlate with smoking amount, but with education level, age, and severity of airflow obstruction. Physicians should provide different strategies of smoking cessation intervention for current smokers with COPD according to their education levels, age, and severity of airflow obstruction.

Prevalence of smoking among adults in Ningbo City from 2018 to 2021 / 预防医学

Objective@#To analyze the prevalence of smoking among adults in Ningbo City from 2018 to 2021, so as to provide the scientific evidence for improving the tobacco control policy and evaluating the effectiveness of the tobacco control policy. @*Methods@#The permanent residents at ages of 15 to 69 years were recruited from 10 counties ( districts ) in Ningbo City using the stratified multistage random sampling method from 2018 to 2021, and subjects' demographic features, smoking and secondhand smoke exposure were collected using the National Questionnaire for Surveillance on Healthy Literacy and Tobacco Epidemic in Chinese Residents. All data were standardized to the Sixth National Population Census in 2010. The prevalence of smoking, smoking cessation and exposure to secondhand smoke and the trends for the prevalence were estimated among adults in Ningbo City from 2018 to 2021.@*Results@#A total of 6 581, 6 340, 6 380 and 6 400 valid questionnaires were recovered from 2018 to 2021, and the effective recovery rates were 99.20%, 97.46%, 97.76% and 98.02%, respectively. The respondents had male to female ratios of 1∶1.05, 1∶1.07, 1∶1.05 and 1∶1.14, and had urban-rural population ratios of 1∶0.75, 1∶0.62, 1∶0.60 and 1∶0.78 from 2018 to 2021, respectively. The prevalence of current smoking was 21.99%, 21.42%, 22.07% and 20.30%, and the standardized prevalence was 22.03%, 20.12%, 21.33% and 19.38% from 2018 to 2021, respectively, appearing no significant changing trend ( χ2trend=3.751, P=0.053 ). The prevalence of current smoking was significantly higher among rural residents than among urban residents, and higher in men than in women ( all P<0.05 ). The prevalence of smoking cessation was 24.44%, 27.11%, 26.97% and 29.59%, and the standardized prevalence was 21.96%, 26.90%, 24.92% and 28.38% from 2018 to 2021, appearing a tendency towards a rise ( χ2rend=11.193, P=0.001 ). The prevalence of exposure to secondhand smoke was 52.40%, 50.18%, 48.99% and 44.58%, and the standardized prevalence was 54.08%, 51.45%, 49.95% and 46.76% from 2018 to 2021, showing a tendency towards a decline ( χ2rend=62.094, P<0.001 ) .@*Conclusions@#The prevalence of current smoking was approximately 20% among adults in Ningbo City from 2018 to 2021, with a tendency towards a decline in the prevalence of exposure to secondhand smoke and a tendency towards a rise in the prevalence of smoking cessation. Rural male residents are key targets for tobacco control.

Status of smoking and smoking cessation among patients withhypertension in Nanshan District / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the prevalence of current smoking and smoking cessation, and identify the influencing factors among hypertensive patients in Nanshan District, Shenzhen City, so as to provide insights into smoking control among hypertensive patients.@*Methods@#The demographic features, life style, status of smoking and smoking cessation in hypertensive patients were collected from 69 community health centers in Nanshan District from 2017 to 2019. The gender- and age-specific prevalence of smoking and smoking cessation was estimated among hypertensive patients, and the factors affecting hypertensive patients' smoking and smoking cessation were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model.@*Results@#Totally 4 385 patients with hypertension were enrolled, with a mean age of (58.41±11.19) years, and the participants included 2 265 men (51.65%) and 2 120 women (48.35%). There were 724 current smokers, and the prevalence of current smoking was 16.51%, with 29.71% prevalence in males and 2.41% in females. There were 424 hypertensive patients quitting smoking, and the prevalence of smoking cessation was 36.93%, with 38.20% prevalence in males. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified male ( OR=12.885, 95%CI: 9.567-17.354 ) and drinking ( OR=2.567, 95%CI: 2.118-3.111 ) as facilitating factors for current smoking among hypertensive patients, and increasing age (OR=0.723, 95%CI: 0.642-0.815) and high exercise frequency (OR=0.881, 95%CI: 0.817-0.950) as barrier factors, while male ( OR=7.309, 95%CI: 3.304-16.165), increasing age ( OR=1.381, 95%CI: 1.120-1.703 ), unmarried ( OR=1.819, 95%CI: 1.329-2.490 ), divorced ( OR=7.837, 95%CI: 1.254-48.975 ), retired ( OR=1.545, 95%CI: 1.095-2.180 ), unemployed (OR=1.801, 95%CI: 1.057-3.066), and high exercise frequency ( OR=1.221, 95%CI: 1.096-1.360 ) were identified as facilitating factors for smoking cessation among hypertensive patients and widowed ( OR=0.285, 95%CI: 0.089-0.906 ), high educational level ( OR=0.766, 95%CI: 0.619-0.949 ), and drinking ( OR=0.488, 95%CI: 0.368-0.647 ) as barrier factors.@*Conclusions@#The prevalence of smoking is lower, and the prevalence of smoking cessation is higher among hypertensive patients than among general populations in Nanshan District. Young and middle-aged, employed, widowed men with a high educational level are key populations for tobacco control, and alcohol consumption control and intensified exercises are important measures to reduce the prevalence of smoking and improve the prevalence of smoking cessation.